Elevated Railroad Land-Damage Litigation

Railroad Defaults , Land Grants , and the Panic of 1873

This paper investigates the relationship between railroad bond defaults and nancial outcomes in the National Banking System during the Panic of 1873. Contemporary accounts and anecdotal evidence indicate the importance of a boom and bust in the railroad industry to the onset of the panic. I use comprehensive balance sheet data for national banks before and after the panic, along with detailed G...

Bias of Damage Awards and Free Options in Securities Litigation

Damage measures in securities fraud cases are very imprecise because they are based on security price changes that reflect both the correction of previous misrepresentation and other independent information. Consequently, potential plaintiffs have a valuable “free option” to decide whether or not to file suit, and average damage awards are greater than actual damages, much greater when markets ...

Railroad Transportation

P-185: Hawthorn Berries Ethanolic Extract Lowered Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome- Elevated RNA Damage in Follicular Cells

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder. Various constituents including flavonoids with biological activities including free radical scavenging, anti-lipoperoxidation and anti-inflammatory have been isolated from hawthorn. Due to adverse effect of PCOS on ovarian vascular remodeling as well as PCOS-induced oxidative stress, we aimed to study the hawthorn’s berri...

Trespassing on the Railroad

Greater than half of all the fatal injuries on United States railroads are sustained by trespassers. The paper provides a statistical analysis of the demographics of trespassers, the activities they were engaged in, and the causes of injury. It also analyzes trends over time. The paper finds that the risks of injury and death are particularly acute for males in their 20s and 30s. The annual cas...